![]() Mechanical or hydraulic scarifiers are used for intensive soilintake work the latter type is used for light soils. The basic unit of a suction dredge is the soil pump. Suction dredges first appeared in Russia in 1874. The suction of soil from under the water was first used in France in 1859. Suction dredges are highly efficient mechanical equipment for large-volume earthmoving work. They are sometimes also used successfully in mining for the extraction of sand and gravel mixtures and the stripping of mineral deposits. Suction dredges were used for the earthen dams of all the major hydroelectric power stations built on the Volga, Kama, Dnieper, and Don rivers. Suction dredges are widely used in dredging operations, as well as in hydraulic-engineering construction during the erection of earthen dams by the aggradation method, during the erection of levees and other types of embankments, and during the digging of canals and channels. A distinction is made between dredges that move the pulp to shore through pipes and hopper dredges, which move the soil into their own dumping holds. A floating excavation machine that sucks the soil up from under the water in the form of a water-soil mixture (pulp or slurry) and transports it to a waste bank or the bed of an elevated structure.
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